Friday, May 31, 2019

blue cross blue shield :: essays research papers

blue devil brood Blue Shield of Florida (BCBSFL) Operating Services is Floridas largest insurer, serving more than 6 million residents in total. Three trends that delimit how Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida brings value to its members argon through consumer empowerment, E-business, and financial services modernization. BCBSFL holds approximately 30% of the HMO market share in Florida, which is twice the share of its nearest competitor. BCBSFL passports a BlueComplements weapons platform filled with discounts and services that allow members to stay healthy. Theses advantages include Healthy Alternatives, Vision One, TruVision, Hearx, GlobalFit, SafeTech, and Walgreens Mail Order Pharmacy.BCBSFL offer a Complementary Alternative Medicine Program that allows its member to select Alternative Health Providers such as Massage Therapists, Acupuncturists, and Chiropractors. Members whitethorn receive up to 25% savings or more by using an Alternative Health Provider in the American Sp ecialty Health Networks in Florida and nationwide. BCBSFL members may also save 15-45% plus complete standard shipping on thousands of health products. For example, vitamins, health-related books, tapes, smoking cessation, and herbal supplements. Vision One is a discount program that allow BCBSFL members to receive comprehensive vision care through a program offered by Cole Managed Vision, which offers savings on both eyes and on eyewear. Members pay $35 for an eye exam for eyeglasses and receive discounts of up to 60% off retail prices for frames and lenses. Also, since this a discounted program offered by Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Florida there is no claims to file for independent vision care centers throughout Florida.TruVision is a Laser Vision Correction Program offered by Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida to those members who wish to have laser surgery to correct their vision. Affordable laser vision correction services are provided to members for a discounted fee for BCB SFL members of $895 per eye, and TruVisions offers 100% financing with approved credit. The services that TruVision cover are comprehensive eye exams, pre and postoperative care, and an enhancement warranty.Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida Hearx program offers take ining care and hearing aids. Hearx is the largest hearing care organization accredited by the Joint Commission of Accreditation of Healthcare Organizations. Members receive free hearing examinations and 25% off any hearing aids purchased through Hearx. BCBSFL offer through Hearx offer tolerance testing, speech discrimination, risk consultation, annual cleanings, and hear aid checks at no charge.The GlobalFit Fitness Program at Blue Cross Blue Shield of Florida allows valued members to receive discounted membership fees to top-rated fitness clubs.

Thursday, May 30, 2019

First Impressions Essay example -- essays research papers

origin public opinions argon very important to your every day life. They ar the basis of how relationships start and how you are seen by other people. People, found on introductory seals, form opinions. The opinions could begin many things and lead towards success or these opinions could be ones that are misleading and have a negative clash on how people relate to you. First thought are very important on peoples social life, in your education and in employment. In your social life, freshman effects come from your friends, family, and even new people who come into your life. First impressions for your education consists of your teachers or classmates when you are taking a class. First impressions on employment go from your current co-workers, boss, and former employers. The are very significant in job interviews. First impressions are important, but are non always the final word. First impressions from the social perspective is the issue at hand, when viewing the magnific ence of first impressions, and then taking in account the environs that one is in, then lastly viewing the important role that first impressions play throughout the course of a relationship such a friendship. The importance of first impressions is essential to the development of relationships be it for a friendship or just merely business acquaintances, the role of first impressions is resounded throughout the course of that relationships. How you are perceived has a very basic bearing as to how you are treated. Your outward appearance plays a pivotal role in the compiling of a first impression, when you are viewed by others, a snap decision is made about you that people will hold in their minds whether subconsciously, or conscientiously that first moment that they laid eyes on you. Also the way that you portray yourself comes into play at this point, your social skills are the main focus of the first impression after the mental image of you is implanted in the persons mind. Your s ocial skills would reflect how you wish to present yourself to the people that you are meeting, if you wish to condense along then you take a route that would help you get along in your company of the people that you are meeting. How you present yourself in this patch has a direct reflection to the type of environment that you are in. Depending on the environment that you are in, this will reflect your actions, i... ... and that could all be because of the initial impression we may have left with the interviewer. There have been studies of what types of people have what types of jobs in this country. Educational first impressions are very important also. These first impressions are the ones that you make on your teachers and other classmates. For example, when you start a new class at a school, you want to have a good first impression on your teacher so that they respect you and give you the attention and value that you need. With you classmates, you want to make a lasting first impression on them. The first impressions is important because you can develop relationships from this. If you come in to class late on the first day and look messy and have an attitude, peoples first impression on you would be negative and treat you differently then you deserve to be treated.Finally, as you can see, first impressions do have a keen affect on people who meet you. They are the base of all relationships. First impressions are very important socially, educationally, and employment wise. Impressions on people normally last forever. Although people have second impressions, the first ones are very important.

Wednesday, May 29, 2019

Quest for Freedom in The Yellow Wallpaper :: Yellow Wallpaper essays

Quest for Freedom in The Yellow wallpaper The short spirit level The Yellow Wall-Paper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a cry for freedom. This story is about a woman who fights for her right to express what she feels, and fights for her right to do what she wants to do. The narrator in this short story is a woman whose husband dos her truly much, but oppresses her to the point where she cannot take it anymore. This story revolves around the important character, her crush life, and her search for freedom. There argon many male influences in this womans life and although they whitethorn mean no harm, push her over the edge. The main characters husband, John, and her brother be well-known physicians. They use their power to control the main character, perhaps subconsciously, to feel what they speak out a woman should feel. For example, the woman tells the men she is sick but they recall differently. John is a physician, and perhaps- (I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is pulseless paper and a great relief to my mind-) perhaps that is one motive I do not get well faster. You see he does not believe I am sick(507) The men are beneath the impression that what they say goes and therefore the woman has no choice but to follow. He knows there is no reason to suffer and that satisfies him.(508) This quote illustrates that the men are in control. If they strongly believe nothing is wrong, then nothing must be wrong. It is a feeling of self satisfaction the men feel when they are superior to the woman. The main character knows John loves her, but it is the oppression she feels that bothers her so. Her husband expresses his love for her but at the same time imposes his will on her. He hinders her from having her own thoughts. ...He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir without special direction...(507) The last fewer words of this quote show how John did not let her go any freedom because he was always there. John acts as if he knows what the main character feels at all times.Quest for Freedom in The Yellow Wallpaper Yellow Wallpaper essaysQuest for Freedom in The Yellow Wallpaper The short story The Yellow Wall-Paper written by Charlotte Perkins Gilman is a cry for freedom. This story is about a woman who fights for her right to express what she feels, and fights for her right to do what she wants to do. The narrator in this short story is a woman whose husband loves her very much, but oppresses her to the point where she cannot take it anymore. This story revolves around the main character, her oppressed life, and her search for freedom. There are many male influences in this womans life and although they may mean no harm, push her over the edge. The main characters husband, John, and her brother are well-known physicians. They use their power to control the main character, perhaps subconsciously, to feel what they think a woman should feel. For e xample, the woman tells the men she is sick but they believe differently. John is a physician, and perhaps- (I would not say it to a living soul, of course, but this is dead paper and a great relief to my mind-) perhaps that is one reason I do not get well faster. You see he does not believe I am sick(507) The men are under the impression that what they say goes and therefore the woman has no choice but to follow. He knows there is no reason to suffer and that satisfies him.(508) This quote illustrates that the men are in control. If they strongly believe nothing is wrong, then nothing must be wrong. It is a feeling of self satisfaction the men feel when they are superior to the woman. The main character knows John loves her, but it is the oppression she feels that bothers her so. Her husband expresses his love for her but at the same time imposes his will on her. He hinders her from having her own thoughts. ...He is very careful and loving, and hardly lets me stir wit hout special direction...(507) The last few words of this quote show how John did not let her have any freedom because he was always there. John acts as if he knows what the main character feels at all times.

Marc Antony’s Funeral Oration Essay -- Julius Caesar, William Shakespe

In William Shakespeares Julius Caesar, Mark Antony pleads with his Friends, Romans (and) countrymen to lend him their ears in an effort to exonerate Caesar from insincere charges laid against him. The three main conspirators in Caesars murder, Brutus, Casca and Cassius portrayed Caesar as an overambitious tyrant to the Roman people. After Caesar was unjustly killed by his friends and comrades, the crowd was persuaded to trust that his death was necessary for the good of the republic. However, Antonys oration cleverly manipulates the crowd through the use of pathetic appeals, especially enargeia, into rebelling against the assassins and mourning the death of Caesar. Caesars faulty and unnecessary death created a unique rhetorical moment that Marc Antony seized. Bitzer states in his article The Rhetorical Situation that a particular discourse comes into existence because of most specific condition or situation which invites utterance (Bitzer 41). According to the assassins, Caesar s murder was necessary for the good of all the Roman citizens, who unquestioningly believed Brutuss accusations that Caesar was ambitious and unfit to govern Rome. Marc Antony used his speech to win back the citizens and unite them in grief and outrage at Caesars murder. One of Marc Antonys objectives as he ascended to the pulpit was to refute the claims of Caesars guilt of ambition I thrice presented him a kingly crown, / Which he did thrice refuse was this ambition? / moreover Brutus says he was ambitious / And, sure, he is an honourable man. / I speak not to disprove what Brutus spoke (3.2.98-102). He reminded the public that Caesar had been offered the opportunity to be crowned business leader of Rome three times, and each time Caesar had refused it... ...r the name of the slain leader and managed to sway public opinion from one extreme to another. His words cause the fierce mob to scour the streets of Rome for anyone who took part in his murder. His pathetic appeals to his friends, Romans and countrymen incited them to become an enraged mob to avenge Caesars death. His words display the assassins malicious actions for what they were and honor the memory of Caesar.Works Cited Bitzer, Lloyd F. The Rhetorical Situation. Philosophy and Rhetoric (1968) 39-48.Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Chapter 6 Ethical Proof Arguments From Character. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York Pearson Longmann, 2004. 163-203.Crowley, Sharon, and Debra Hawhee. Chapter 7 pitiful Proof Passionate Appeals. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York Pearson Longmann, 2004. 205-219.

Tuesday, May 28, 2019

Genocide :: essays research papers

In the article, Columbuss Legacy Genocide in the Americas, by David E. Stannard, the theme skunk be identified as contrary to popular belief that the millions of native peoples of the Americas that perished in the sixteenth century died not only from disease brought over by the Europeans, but also as a result of mass murder, as well as death due to working them to death.Stannard starts out the article by citing contemporary examples of U.S. presss thought of worthy and unworthy victims. He gives examples of worthy victims in Cambodia, Bosnia, and Croatia and unworthy victims in East Timor. The author states that the native peoples of the Americas neer have been labeled worthy. And recently, American and European denials of guilt for the most absolute genocide in the history of the world have assumed a immature guise. The author quotes anthropologist Marvin Harris, describing the devastation through the West Indies and throughout the Americas as accidental, an unintended consequen ce of European exploration. Epidemic disease undeniably contributed to the carnage, but in some(prenominal) volumes of testimony the European explorers detail their murderous intentions and actions. The slave drivers of the day calculated that it was cheaper to work people to death by the tens of thousands and then replace them than it was to maintain and run for a permanent captive labor force. The Europeans saw the Indians as block in the pathway to unlimited access to North Americas untouched bountiful lands. After the mass deaths due to epidemic, new settlers and explorers purged Indian villages, burn entire towns, and poisoned whole communities. They also engaged a farsighted genocidal tactic of preventing the community from recovering, by abducting the women and children and selling them into slavery in markets in the Indies. After about fifty years of this, the numbers in Indian nation had humble significantly.

Genocide :: essays research papers

In the article, Columbuss Legacy Genocide in the Americas, by David E. Stannard, the theme can be identified as wayward to popular belief that the millions of native peoples of the Americas that perished in the sixteenth century died not only from disease brought over by the Europeans, but also as a result of mass murder, as well as death imputable to working them to death.Stannard starts out the article by citing contemporary examples of U.S. presss position of worthy and unworthy victims. He gives examples of worthy victims in Cambodia, Bosnia, and Croatia and unworthy victims in East Timor. The author states that the native peoples of the Americas never have been labeled worthy. And recently, American and European denials of guilt for the most absolute genocide in the history of the world have assumed a new guise. The author quotes anthropologist Marvin Harris, describing the devastation through the westerly Indies and throughout the Americas as accidental, an unintended conse quence of European exploration. Epidemic disease undeniably contributed to the carnage, but in many volumes of testimony the European explorers detail their homicidal intentions and actions. The slave drivers of the day calculated that it was cheaper to work people to death by the tens of thousands and then replace them than it was to maintain and feed a permanent captive grate force. The Europeans saw the Indians as block in the pathway to unlimited access to North Americas untouched bountiful lands. After the mass deaths due to epidemic, new settlers and explorers purged Indian villages, burn entire towns, and poisoned whole communities. They also engaged a farsighted genocidal tactic of preventing the population from recovering, by abducting the women and children and selling them into slavery in markets in the Indies. After about fifty years of this, the numbers in Indian nation had diminished significantly.

Monday, May 27, 2019

Professional Athletes Essay

Companies that ingestion professional athlete pay back the right to wont that guarantee at their discretion. This question is difficult to answer as a whole because in that respect are so many factors that occur. When it comes to a contract or obligation the bylaws of such agreement can lend both parties to not fulfill the agreed terms. Most athletes are held to a standard that is based upon their contribution in their specific sport. The star or leader is usually held in higher regard than the 12th man on a team.With that said the logical argument for companies comes from a different perspective so its lends one and only(a) to speak from both sides of the argument. I nonplus to conceive the affirmative for the companies even though I see in the marketability of the professional athlete. In the case of Micheal Phelps his ability to perform at a high level has led directly to the rebound of his plan.Tiger woodland on the other had way more to lose at the time of his marita l problems. In turn his on course performance has not been at the level in which we are use to seeing of him. He has no amassed the same fervor or attention for positivity as a Micheal Phelps. The stinky play on the course as not lifted the stain of all the negative press that he garnered. Had he been even more lucky on his playing field he more than likely would have been able to get companies to get back on the Tiger train.Companies, tend to use athletes that match their persona, the bigger the name the bigger the association. Image is so important to what a smart set is trying to convey about its product and service. Most companies have their values listed somewhere near their corporate profile. The two have to match. The values of a company must meet the value that is percieved the by the value of the product. The top hat and most current case of this is with Lance Armstrong, his Livestrong Foundation and Nike have aloofnesss themselves from Lance. He was a very visible an d outspoken spokesman, he had a followingthat added to his story on an almost daily innovation.The findings that there was unanimous evidence that he was using PEDs (Performance Enhancing Drugs) to win in his sport was detrimental to not only his incredibleness but it clings to a company like Nike being a company construct on the athletic prowess of athletes from a varied amount of sports. So as a company what do you do? You have no choice but to cut ties with this athlete not just because he lie but the implication can be made that Nike and its athletes also lie and use PEDs. You cant blame a company from wanting to distance its shop from that of a liar and cheater.In a different effect the Livestrong Foundation has a separate delimma to look at aside from the moral issue. They have a financial conundrum that affect the legacy of what Lance did for cancer and cancer research. The livestrong bands that are so popular in our community, were marketed to people on the basis that th e proceeds from the sale of the bands go to the fight against cancer. People that associate Lances image struggle with his Foundation have become outraged. Here it is, this superior who was at the pinnacle of his sport lied on top of lying he cheated. He used his acclaim and sickness to capitalize on a disease and in turn not only made money for the foundation but also lined his pocket. The only recourse it seems the foundation had to take is to severe ties.Companies have a obligation to their shareholders, They have a obligation to their employees as well. The obligation to the shareholders and employees comes in the form of profit and money. Imagine if your brand is built on honesty and integrity. Your marketing and advertising say you are honest but your commercials have a Tiger Woods or Lance Armstrong there is a clear distinction that these two athletes have had trouble with honesty. The audience can then place your brand with dishonesty which can lead to losing business. As a bottom line all companies want to make money. You tend not to do things on a consistent level that contradict the savvy why most businesses go into business, to make money Performance is also a factor in whether a company will give an endorsement to an athletes. We are a culture that tends to use the what have you done for me lately concept when it comes to our professional athlete.Businesses also use this practice to capitalizeon the achiever and marketability of an athlete. If there was a ethical issue the easiest way for that athlete to get the endorsements back or to gain new is to win. Winning is the cure for any image problems because it covers up the moral and places emphasis on the practical. In the case of Peyton Manning, Buick comes to mind. He did not play in the NFL in the 2011 season. He suffered tremendous neck injuries that model his playing future in jeopardy. He lost several endorsement deals not because he had a moral issue, in fact he is one of the top profess ional athletes in the world when it comes to image. In 2012 he was picked up but another team and that team has been success, Buick looking for a spokesman to embody the brand of Buick they went with Manning.He was not high on their list they dropped Tiger and needed to find a spokesman that matched the brand. Companies have to make the decision to drop or accompaniment an athlete based on so many factors. The need to satisfy the bottom line and the customer is always a hard task. The hardest part is filling the right spokesman that can push the brand, product or service. It is hard because these athletes have personal lives, these athletes are human, they make decisions at times without thinking about what company has paid them to speak about their product. The company has to make sure that they include language in the contract that can help the athlete make comprehensive decisions. The moral clause is always a good way for a company to protect itself from the damage that can ha ppen when favorable decisions are not made by an individual.It is up to the athlete to make sure he wants to keep the money and fame that can come from being on commercials and in ads by Fortune 500 companies. I feel as though they do not think about the overall consequences of their actions or how it may affect their decisions. This is where the company comes in and can make up for that. Its egoism from both sides. A athlete can act unbecoming and lose it all but imputable to great performances he can redeem his career. While the company can extend a 2nd chance allowing the athlete to be in the unexclusive eye again. Its a line that both have control over but in the world of business and sport the lines are so practically blurred. In the end the companies have the right to giveth and the right to taketh away.

Sunday, May 26, 2019

Case Study: Company Law Essay

inquiry 1 The shargons of ABC Limited, a private companionship are held by Ann and Andy Anderson and Bev and curtsy Brown. The Andersons who together hold 90% of the company shares are concerned that the company is in need of further capital but because of family difference, the Andersons are not willing to inject additional funds so long as the Browns are shareowners in the company. They have at that placefore decided to pass a resolution which will enable the volume acquire obligatorily at full value shares of the minority. Advise Bev and Bob Brown.Bev and Bob Brown my advise to you is that the Anderson existence the majority shareholder of ABC Ltd. crapper remove you Bev and Bob Brown by ordinary resolution of the company in general meeting, and if you Bev and Bob was appointed by the articles you can be removed by a particular(prenominal) resolution passed to alter the articles. The Andersons decisions being majority shareholder is binding on you the minority shareholde r whether you like it or not it is they who maintain the company ultimately.However Bev and Bob you can take interpreter action against the Andersons for fraud committed against you Bev and Bob as in the case Eastmanco.Ltd. V Greater London where they stultify the purpose for which the company was formed and deprive you the minority shareholder of your existing prospects of obtaining selects. Being a member of ABC Ltd. you can process re mapative action against the Company to protect your personal rights which you Bob and Bev enjoys. There have been a breach of duty owed to you Bob and Bev the minority shareholder cannot be ratified by a majority of shareholders.Question 2 Discuss the rule in Foss V Harbottle The rule in Foss V Harbottle illustrates the commandment of majority control and minority protection.If a ill-use is done to the company then the only proper plaintiff to bring an action to redress the wrong is the company itself and not a shareholder or anyone else. Where the minoritys complaint is that some act has been done wrongly, which would nevertheless be lawful if there were an ordinary resolution in general meeting to authorize it, then the court will not interfere at the instance of the minority. The rule places the majority member in a very strong position over the minority as in the case Bamford V Bamford.The rule prevents the company from spend money on litigation to no ultimate purpose if an independent majority does not wish to pursue a claim. The rule may be used by majority shareholders to perpetrate fraud on the minority members especially if the majorities are also directors of the company. The rule is an inevitable consequence of a mint is a separate legal entity. Therefore, if harm is caused to a company then only the company itself can take legal action. No one else, regardless of their losses, will have the necessary power to take legal proceedings.Question 3Dave is minority shareholder in ABC Company Ltd. Andy, Bev and Ca rol are also major controlling shareholders and in addition, they hold the position of chairman, managing director respectively. Dave is aggrieved that i. The company has just sold 5 acres of land to Bevs full cousin at half the price the company paid for it ii. The company has recently engaged Andys uncle as its marketing director at an annual earnings of $5 million. His service contract includes a provision that in the event of his death, his widow shall continue to receive his annual salary by way of subsidy payment for the rest of her life.Andys uncle was in very poor health at the cartridge clip of his appointment. Andy, Bev and Carol do not admit that anything improper has taken place. Advise Dave on the legality of Andy, Bev and Carols action and whether he can bring an action against them. Dave base on the actions of Andy, Bev and Carol you can bring an action against them as in the case Daniels V Daniels. The major shareholders Andy, Bev and Carol owed fiduciary duty to the company and most act in good combine and in the best interest of the company and not in their own interest.The directors have been exercised in a manner that is unfairly prejudicial to the company and also breach of their fiduciary duties as in the case Kelmer V Baxter. Andy, Bev and Carol action are base on personal interest. The court can yield an order to rectify the matters as in section 213A of the 2004 Company Act. The court can order for the company to regulate the company affairs by amending its articles against Andys uncle who was appointed as marketing director at an annual alary of $5 million and he was in very poor health at the time of his appointment. The court can regulate the company affairs by amending ABC Ltd. articles so that Andys uncle widow does not receive his annual salary by way of pension payment for the rest of her life after he dies. The court can also order for compensation to the company for the 5 acres of land that Bevs cousin buy at half pric e the company paid for it. Dave you can bring action against them in the court.Question 4 The articles of association of ABC Ltd. public company provides inter alia At a general meeting of the company, subject to any right or resolutions for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares, on a show of hand, every member in person shall have one vote Marvin, a shareholder who was present at a meeting of the company voted but the directors refused to register his vote in connection with passing of a special resolution. Advise Marvin who wants to compel the directors to register his vote. Marvin base on information given above you take Representative action against the company to protect your personal rights as in the case Pender V Lushington.Being a member allows you to bring representative action against the company. The directors of ABC Ltd. owe fiduciary duty to you personally. Suing under representative action to prevent the company from acting contrary to its articles which states that At a general meeting of the company, subject to any right or resolutions for the time being attached to any class or classes of shares, on a show of hand, every member in person shall have one vote. You were present at the meeting and voted but they the directors refused to register your vote so you can bring them to court.

Saturday, May 25, 2019

Children of Men Film Essay

Children of Men is a thought provoking film directed by Alfonso Cuaron which explored the possibility of hope in the face of overwhelming despair. The film has a fearful, chaotic mood within the setting of a dystopian arena in London 2027. Visual and vocal techniques such as camera techniques, diegetic and non-diegetic sound, and symbolism were effectively employ across the film. Cuaron used these techniques to show the audience that the search for self preservation demonstrates ignorance for the good of cosmos. However, withal though morality is lost when the world deteriorates, hope can still be set in motion in mankinds bleakest moments as the darkness of compassionateity cannot exist without the light-colored, which shows that its future.In a world where the deterioration of populace has caused destruction to a society, people tried to hold on to the last pussy of hope while having to survive in the abyss of despair. An example is the diegetic sound of a news reporter on TV in a java shop, reporting the tragic death of Baby Diego. The world was stunned today by the death of Diego Ricardo. Diego Ricardo, the youngest person on the planet was 18 years, 4 months, 20 days, 16 hours and 8 minutes old. By stating Diegos age to the exact minute, the reporter emphasizes his significance as he was the youngest person alive aft(prenominal) 18 years of infertility. Cuaron used this technique to enlarge the great grief and devastation that the rest of the world suffers due to the tragic event. Making the audience actualize that the fragile fate of humanity has been dealt a shattering blow, it looks as if mankinds last flicker of hope has been extinguished along with Diegos death, and the species of human race will perish.Another successful sound effect used by Cuaron was tinnitus. This verbal technique is a ringing sound one hears when ears be damaged after loud noises, and it was used after the bomb explosion in the coffee shop. The tinnitus is sympath izing as the ringing sound is heard by Theo as well as the audience, relating the audience to Theos experience and making them more involved in the film. This technique is symbolic as Cuaron expresses that the dull reality prevents us from hearing our surroundings, foreshadowing Theos numb emotion and reaction towards the situation. Cuaron used this technique to highlight the fearful and chaotic environment, constantly reminding audience the death and despair Theo experienced. The film is very much relatable to our society as the destructed world in the film does not seem so distant from our own. Cuaron makes the audience realize that if we are not careful and take care of crucial bulges, it is possible that similar situations in the film could become our future.The frequent use of visual techniques by Cuaron alike developed the despairing environment in the film. One example is a reverse angle shot of Theo and the suicide kit Quietus at Jaspers house. The suicide kit was handed o ut by the government, showing that even the government had no intention of dealing with existing issues and preferred the belatedly steering out. The white and pale blue colour of Quietus symbolizes peacefulness, showing that instead of keep living in the abyss of desperation, people would rather die to avoidance the corrupted world. This is appalling to the audiences as Cuaron makes them realize that life was no longer important in the gloomy society of the film. Without hope and faith for the future, the only potency people had when facing despair was the option of suicide. Another example that develops the idea of despair is the use of a middle shot out of the bus to Bexhill. The mid shot shows refuges caught by immigration police locked up in cages, beaten and shot.This technique reinforces audience to see the visual allusions created by Cuaron, as the situation is passably similar to the Nazi roundups. With the use of this visual technique, Cuaron is able to show us a wor ld where government control has become so powerful that humanity no longer exists, and the inhuman treatments that the immigrants received were not noticed or cared by British citizens. The refugees were hidden away from society and irresponsibly dealt with so the issue doesnt have to be taken care of. Cuarons purpose is for the audience to see that society tends to, and is, ignoring larger issues which cause discomfort simply because it is the easy way out. However, we all have the responsibility to help each other out and solve existing issues within the community, in order to bring responsibility and justice to the society.There are also hopeful situations throughout the film. This can be explored by the use of non diegetic music Fragments of a Prayer as Kee symbolically revealed her pregnancy to Theo in a barn. The music was implemented several times in the film during moments of hope. The holy shrill voices of the song manipulates viewer to believe that in that respect is alw ays hope as Kee undid her clothes to show her miraculous pregnancy. Theos dialogue of Jesus Christ after he saw Kees breadbasket symbolically brings realization of biblical allusion to the audience. Surrounded by sheep and cows, Kee was the connotation of Virgin Mary. The similarities allow viewer a deeper catching of how important Kees pregnancy was to mankind, in both cases it was the carrier of humanitys savior that was in undergoing the long journey. Cuaron also used lighting techniques to highlight the unborn babys commission of hope midst despair.The chiaroscuro lighting creates a light shade effect during the revelation of the baby. Darkness in the barn emphasized a patch light on Kees belly. Her glowing belly seemed radiate shine, making it look angelic. Cuaron successfully used these techniques to tell the audience that Kees pregnancy was a plan moment of humanity allowed that existed in a world determined to tear itself apart. A further biblical reference is Theos simi larities to Jesus. His character is non-violent, despite being surrounded by guns and bombs. While defending and protecting Kee, he never used or carried weapons. Theo was also consistently surrounded by animals, which are used throughout the film as indicators of goodness and trustworthiness. By using these Christianity symbols, Cuaron reveals a cautious faith in humanity in the characterization of Theo as he came to demonstrate mans best attributes, compassion, self-sacrifice and hope. Another example which develops the idea of hope is the establishing shot of Kee, the baby and Theo on the boat staggering towards the venture of Tomorrow to get to the Human Project.The non diegetic music of Fragments of a Prayer was again used, setting ablaze to hope as Kee was getting closer to safety. When Kee questioned whether they were too late, Theo answered cuss me, theyll come back. This dialogue contrasts with his dialogue earlier in the film Why do people believe this crap Too late the world went to shit. Cuaron used this contrast to show the change in Theo to which he was no longer numb about the corrupted world and finally found hope and faith for the future. This provides the audience with catharsis, and it is a release from action to allow viewer to believe that everything will get better. Cuarons purpose is for the audience to understand that dread and fear can have a damaging effect on society but is also a driving force rear end the vital change needed to save our planet. We should always hope but think and act now because the final result is up to us.In conclusion, a variety of visual and verbal techniques were used by Cuaron throughout Children of Men. These techniques created a destructed and gloomy society which allows viewers to seek through the failure of future bodily structure along with the bleak and brilliant of hope and humanity. Revealing how humanitys nature and glory is essential in order for human race to adduce faith and stay in a balanc e of compatibility. Challenging viewers to consider the effect of manmade actions on the current world and how it is shaping the future.

Friday, May 24, 2019

The Functionalist View on Education (for as Level Sociology)

Asses the contribution of functionalism to our understanding of the role of rearing Functionalists take a very confirming view of education. They see it as a form of secondary socialisation which is essential to the maintenance of society. Functionalists believe that social institutions including education benefit society and manage functions to maintain a stable society. However there be many different theories to consider. Sociologists such as Durkheim believe that education has two main roles. These are Creating social solidarity and teaching specialist skills.Durkheim believes that social solidarity is created through teaching tikeren shared norms and values. These are taught particularly in history less(prenominal)ons where students learn about their shared heritage. It whitethorn also be constructed through wearing school uniform or in American schools, pledging to the American flag. This helps create value consensus and prepares students for work as two children and adul ts waste to work with people who arent family or friends. Durkheim also establishes the fact that modern industrial society has a very complex division of labour.He argues that education teaches students specialist skills in order to keep the economy functioning, as students can apply their skills to specific jobs that society needs them to perform. Parsons argues that school is a bridge betwixt family and wider society, especially work. He states that how we are treated in the family is different to how we are treated at work. Therefore schools must prepare children for this change. Parsons claims that in the family a child is judged by particularistic standards (rules that apply only to that child/family) thus their posture is ascribed.However in school and work, children are judged by universalistic standards (rules that apply to everyone twinly), which means their status is achieved through passing exams or working towards a promotion. According to Parsons both school and wo rk are meritocratic which means every student and employee has an equal chance in succeeding. Sociologists Davis and Moore argue the main function of education is role allocation. (Making sure people end up in the jobs they are desirable to). To do this we need to make sure the most talented students get the most important jobs such as doctors etc.As these jobs are highly paid, many students seek to compete for them in school. Schools then sift and sort people based of their talents and intellect, to ensure the students with the highest valued qualifications achieve the most important jobs. Vocational courses are an lawsuit of the functionalist view that education teaches students specialist skills to perform specific jobs. The first type of vocational course was the Youth Training Scheme (YTS) which was formed in the mid-eighties which unemployed young people had to enrol.This gave them the work experience they needed to maintain a job. Later forms of vocational courses include d BTECs, NVQs and vocational A-levels. However YTS has been criticised overdue to young people not being offered jobs after training. Also, vocational training can be seen as having a lower status and being less academic than courses such as A-levels and Degrees. Functionalists have also been criticised as Marxists argue the norms and values that are passed on through education arent those of society, but of the judgment class.Interactionalists such Wrong also argue that the functionalist view of education is too deterministic functionalists assume that students accept the norms and values they are taught in school, when they may egest them. In addition to this there is a lot of picture that suggests that students dont have an equal chance of succeeding. Gender, social class and ethnicity all have an influence on how well children do in school. In conclusion, functionalists are able to establish the preparation for the workplace which occurs in schools through theories such as p arsons and Durkheims.It is clear that education does in fact create value consensus and prepare students for changing attitudes from school to the workplace. However there are flaws in many of these theories. As Wrong states, functionalists ignore the fact that students may reject norms and values, thus the functionalist view on education is too deterministic. There is also evidence that schools are not meritocratic due to influences that gender, social class and ethnicity have on a childs education. Ella Clarke

Thursday, May 23, 2019

Human Rights and Food Security

A PAPER ON Human sufficients and intellectual nourishment credentials _______________________________________ PRESENTED BY SHASHANKA KUMAR NAG LL. M- THIRD SEMESTER HIDAYATULLAH internal LAW UNIVERSITY RAIPUR, CHHATTISGARH Address Shashanka Kumar Nag LL. M (Third Semester) Boys Hostel, B- Block, Room No. F-32 Hidayatullah field law University Uparwara Post, Abhanpur New Raipur 493661 (C. G. ) Mobile 09804513485, 08817104782 E-mail- emailprotected com DECLARATION I decl atomic number 18 that the work submitted by me for this seminar is a result of my own effort.I affirm that there is no plagiarism and copying, either parti all toldy or entirely, from someone elses works, without giving proper credit and acknowledgment to the source(s)/author(s). INTRODUCTION There are wad in the world so hungry, that God nooky non appear to them except in the form of bread. Mahatma Gandhi Human corrects are usually beneathstood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is in herently entitled simply because she or he is a pitying being. Human rights are thus conceived as universal (applicable e verywhere) and egalitarian (the same for everyone). These rights may exist as natural rights or as lawful rights, in both theme and transnational law. The doctrine of man rights in international practice, within international law, global and regional institutions, in the policies of grounds and in the activities of non- government activityal organizations, has been a cornerstone of public form _or_ system of government around the world.Many of the basic ideas that animated the human rights movement developed in the aftermath of the Second World War and the atrocities of The Holocaust, culminating in the adoption of the universal proposition resolution of Human corrects in Paris by the United Nations ordinary Assembly in 1948. The ancient world did not possess the judgment of universal human rights. Ancient societies had elaborate systems of duties conc eptions of arbitrator, political legitimacy, and human flourishing that sought to realize human dignity, flourishing, or well-being entirely independent of human rights.The modern concept of human rights developed during the early Modern period, alongside the European secularization of Judeo-Christian ethics. The true forerunner of human rights talk was the concept of natural rights which appeared as part of the medieval Natural law tradition that became prominent during the Enlightenment with such philosophers as John Locke, Francis Hutcheson, and Jean-Jacques Burlamaqui, and featured prominently in the political discourse of the American Revolution and the French Revolution.The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1948, partly in repartee to the atrocities of World War II. Although the UDHR was a non-binding resolution, it is now considered by some to wealthy person acquired the force of international customary law which may be invoked in grant circumstances by national and other judiciaries. The UDHR urges member nations to promote a number of human, civil, economic and social rights, asserting these rights as part of the foundation of clean-handeddom, justice and peace in the world. The declaration was the first international legal effort to limit the behaviour of states and press upon them duties to their citizens following the model of the rights-duty duality. The right to diet, and its variations, is a human right protecting the right for people to feed themselves in dignity, implying that sufficient fare is available, that people have the means to glide slope it, and that it adequately meets the individuals dietary needs. The right to sustenance protects the right of all human beings to be free from hunger, food in security measures and mal feeding.The right to food does not imply that governments have an obligation to deliberate out free food to everyone who wants it, or a right to be fed. However, if people are deprive of access to food for reasons beyond their control, for example, because they are in detention, in times of war or after natural disasters, the right requires the government to generate food directly. Right to food and right to be free from hunger are the human rights which are protected under various international human rights and humanitarian laws.Right to food is explicitly mentioned in the bind 25(1) of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights 1948 and the term 11 of International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 1966. It is also recognised in the Convention on the Rights of the nipper 1989 and the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). Right to food of indigeneous people is implicit in the ILO Convention No-169 which is approved by 17 countries. most 20 countries in the world have incorporated the Right to Food for their people. THE CONCEPT OF diet SECURITYWorld Deve lopment Report (1986) be food security as access by all people at all times to enough food for an active, healthy life. According to Food and Agricultural Organisation (FAO) of the UNO, Food security exists when all people at all times have access to sufficient and nutritious food to meet the dietary needs and food preference for an active and healthy life. Staatz (1990) defined food security as The ability to assure, on a long term basis, that the food system provides the number population access to a timely, reliable and nutritionally adequate communicate of food. Thus food security may be of short-term or sustainable. In case of short-term food security we consider food security of the present population only. But in case of sustainable food security we consider the food security not only of the present generation but also of the future generation as well. According to Swaminathan, Sustainable food security means enough food for everyone at present plus the ability to provide enough food in future as well. In the long-run sustainable food security is very important. ELEMENTS OF intellectual nourishment SECURITY Food security is a state of being.Like literacy or good health, food security is a state that everyone wants to enjoy. Governments have decreed that every person has an inalienable right to food. The fundamental purpose of economic activity is to ensure adequate access to food for oneself and ones family. The primacy of food security as an objective for human activity is reflected in the frequency with which the term food security appears in UN declarations and NGO advocacy efforts. The World Trade Organisation (WTO) Agreement on Agriculture ac acquaintances the legitimacy of food security concerns.South Africa, Brazil and Norway have all enshrined the right to food in law. There are basically three principle elements of Food Security. These are Supply Global food production has by and large kept up with or exceeded demand over the past centur y. The application of new technologies to tillage, including mechanized vehicles to till, plant and harvest crops improved seed and breeding mental strain and the use of herbicides, pesticides and inorganic fertilizers, has vastly increased productivity.At the same time , one third or more of agricultural land used to be sacred to growing fuel (wood to burn) or feed for the animals that provide muscle for transportation and production (hay for horses and oxen). Much of that land is now available to grow food for cosmos instead, geting to the total overall supply. Distribution Distribution depends on such things as markets, transportation, infrastructure, relative purchasing power and the source and nature of the supply.Where the food is traded commercially , the mickle and type of food traded is related to purchasing power and the ease with which the trader can reach a market. Access Food security is about individuals , families and communities, not about regional and national aggregates. That is why, supply is only one piece of the food security puzzle. Only rarely does a whole country brass instrument hunger or famine. Rather, when the food supply is insufficient, those with greater purchasing power get food while those without sufficient income or entitlement go hungry.CONSTITUTIONAL PROVISIONS FOR ENSURING FOOD SECURITY In India there is a deeply rooted tradition of respect for food it stresses the importance of growing and sharing food. Sharing or religious offering food is a universal tradition shared by all religious entities that have roots in the Indian soil. Accordingly, in 1950, India adopted a very progressive record aimed at ensuring all its citizens social, economic and political justice, equality, and dignity. Therefore any law to be valid in Indian stain must be within the inherent framework.Like in many countries of the World the The Right to Food in Indian Constitution is not recognized as a Fundamental Right. Therefore, there is n o constitutional mandate to have a claim over it. Regarding right to food, one has to look for relevance in Article 21 of the Constitution, entitled Protection of life and personal conversancy and Article 47 Duty of the state to go on the level of nutrition and the standard of living as well as in judicial interventions of the absolute appeal and various Acts, which have cumulatively strengthened the right to food in India.Knowing the constitutional and legislative framework in India ascertaining the right to food is crucial for identifying right to food violations and supporting victims in realizing their right to food. Indian Constitution Part III, Article 21 Protection of life and personal liberty No person shall be deprived of his life or personal liberty except to procedure established by law. The phrases Protection of life and personal liberty have called several times for interpretation. A series of judicial interventions and interpretations have deepened the normati ve content of this fundamental right.Indian Constitution Part IV Directive Principles The right to food or in general the economic, social, and cultural rights are defined in Part IV of the Constitution as Directive Principles of State Policy, which are guidelines to the central and State Governments for framing laws and policies. The groomings are not enforceable by any court, but the principles laid down therein are considered as fundamental in the Governance of the country. There are several Articles under the Directive Principles offer remote relevance for the right to food, but the clearest statement get wording the right to food is provided by Article 47.Article 47 Duty of the State to raise the level of nutrition and the standard of living and to improve public health. The State shall regard the raising of the level of nutrition and the standard of living of its people and the benefit of public health as among its primary duties and, in crabbed, the State shall endeavor t o bring about prohibition of the consumption except for medicinal purposes of intoxicating drinks and of drugs, which are injurious to health.Putting together Article 21 and 47 and various interpretations of the sovereign Court of one can safely say that the Government of India has a constitutional obligation to generate appropriate measures to ensure a dignified life with adequate food for all citizens. The right to food can be regarded as a fundamental right by virtue of interpretation. NATIONAL MEASURES TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITY There has been a continous appeal to the Government for passing a legislation on food security.The government is likely to accept most of the recommendations of Sonia Gandhi-led National Advisory Council (NAC) on the proposed food security law despite warnings that the suggestions would add to subsidy burden, increase dependence on imports and distort the countrys food economy. The food ministry has set out plans that are in line with the NACs proposal to widen the kitchen range of the legislation, which seeks to provide legal guarantee of subsidised corpuscles to the poor.Several experts have warned that the NAC recommendations would force the government to substantially raise its grain procurement, which in turn would lead to a big subsidy burden on its already stretched finances. The council had proposed legal subsidised food entitlements for at least 72% of the countrys population in Phase-I by 2011-12. The NAC had also proposed legal subsidised food entitlements for 75% of the countrys population, covering the priority (below the poverty line) and general (above the poverty line) households, in Phase-II by 2013-14. National Food Security Bill, 2011The government has introduced the much anticipated National Food Security Bill a legislation aimed at shoring up the UPAs support base in Parliament. The frontier social legislation go away guarantee grain at extremely cheap rates to more than half of the population. Food minist er KV Thomas, who introduced the bill in the Lok Sabha amid thumping of desks by Congress members led by party president Sonia Gandhi, said that it would ensure that all Indians live a life with dignity. The bill marks a shift in approach to the problem of food security from the current welfare paradigm to a rights-based approach.The proposed legislation confers eligible beneficiaries the legal right to aim grain at highly subsidised prices. The National Food Security Bill, 2011, considered to be the worlds largest experiment in ensuring food security to poor, has been a fall upon escort of Congress president Sonia Gandhi. The bill brings under its purview 63. 5% of the countrys population 75% of rural households and 50% of urban households. The bill classifies all entitled households as general and priority. At least 46% of rural households and 28% of urban households would be designated as priority.Every person belonging to a priority household allow be provided with 7kg of g rain per month, comprising rice, wheat and coarse grain. Rice will be provided at Rs 3, wheat at Rs 2 and coarse grain at Rs 1 per kg. Others belonging to the general category would be entitled to not less than 3kg of grain per month at a rate not exceeding 50% of the minimum support price. Once passed, the food subsidy bill is expected to rise to Rs 95,000 crore. Initial considers pegged the increase in subsidy at nearly Rs 28,000 crore.However, on Thursday, the government made a downward revision of the additional burden on the central government between R 21,000 crore to R 23,000 crore. The bills financial memorandum estimates the total annual expenditure on food subsidy under the targeted public distribution system at about Rs 79,800 crore. The estimate of food subsidy is however dependent, among other things, upon economic cost, central issue of price of grain, number of beneficiaries covered and quantities of grain allocated and lifted, and therefore subject to change with c hanges in any or all of the variables affecting food subsidy, the memorandum states.Experts maintain that the annual increase would be to the tune of Rs 27,500 crore. However, Thomas said an additional occur of not more than about Rs 20,000-21,000 crore annually would be unavoidable by way of subsidy. The minister argued since the food bill merges many ongoing programmes meant for women, children and the poor, there would be no additional financial burden. The total financial liability to pass the law is expected to be Rs 3. 5 lakh crore, with funds being required to raise agriculture production, create storage space and publicity.A sum of roughly Rs 1,11,000 crore would be required to boost farm output with grain requirement increasing, on account of this intervention, from 55 million tonne to 61 million tonne annually. Thomas stressed that this Rs 1,10,600 crore is not an additional burden. We need to invest in agriculture to boost production anyway. The proposed law entitles every pregnant woman and lactating mother to meal free of cost during pregnancy and six months after childbirth. Cash benefits of Rs 1,000 per month to meet increased food requirements of pregnant women would be provided for the first six months of pregnancy.At Rs 1,000 per month and covering 2. 25 crore women, an expenditure of nearly Rs 13,500 crore has been estimated. This will be borne by the central government and the states. proposals to Ensure Food Security There are also certain central food schemes and other assistance programmes for the poor in India. These are * Targeted Public Distribution System * Antyodaya Anna Yojana * Mid-day meal scheme * Annapoorna Yojana * Integrated Child Development Services * National family benefit scheme * National maternity benefit scheme and National old age pension scheme. The Public Distribution System (PDS) Public Distribution System (PDS) is an Indian food security system. Established by the Government of India under Ministry of Cons umer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution and managed jointly with state governments in India, it distributes subsidised food and non-food items to Indias poor. Major commodities distributed embroil staple food grains, such as wheat, rice, sugar, and kerosene, through a network of Public distribution shops (PDS) established in several states across the country.Food Corporation of India, a Government-owned corporation, procures, maintain and issue food grains to the state. Distribution of food grains to poor people throughout the country are managed by state governments. As of date there are about 4. 99 lakh Fair Price Shops (FPS) across India. Annapoorna Yojana This scheme was started by the government in 1999-2000 to provide food to senior citizens who cannot take care of themselves and are not under the targeted public distribution system (TPDS), and who have no one to take care of them in their village.This scheme would provide 10kg of free food grains a month for the eligible senior citizens. The allocation for this scheme as off 2000-01 was Rs 100 crore. Antyodaya Anna Yojana Antyodaya Anna Yojana (AAY) is an Indian government sponsored scheme for ten millions of the poorest families. It was launched by NDA government in December 2000. It is on the lookout for the poorest of the poor by providing them 35 kilos of rice and wheat at Rs. 2 per kg. Mid-Day Meals Scheme The Midday Meal Scheme is the popular name for school meal programme in India which started in the 1960s.It involves provision of lunch free of working days. The key objectives of the programme are protecting children from classroom hunger, increasing school enrollment and attendance, improved socialization among children belonging to all castes, addressing malnutrition, and social empowerment through provision of employment to women. The scheme has a long history, especially in the state of Tamil Nadu. The scheme was introduced statewide by the then Chief Minister K. Kamaraj in the 1960s an d later expanded by the M. G. Ramachandran government in 1982.It has been adopted by most Indian states after a landmark direction by the Supreme Court of India on November 28, 2001. The success of this scheme is illustrated by the tremendous increase in the school participation and completion rates in Tamil Nadu. circumstance of the Food Schemes in India The framework of the right to food is one of the basic economic and social rights that are essential to achieve the economic third estatewealth without which political democracy is , at best, incomplete. The right to food is nowhere being realized in India.The schemes introduced by the Government are well designed, yet their writ of execution has been poor. In India, food security exists at the macro level in terms of physical access to food. Economic access is far from satisfactory, both at the micro as well as the macro level. The statement that economic access to food is far from satisfactory is confirmed by the fact that a significant proportion of the society lives in poverty and is malnourished. This section of the society is underprivileged and has less voice. INTERNATIONAL INSTRUMENTS TO ENSURE FOOD SECURITYThe right to food imposes on all States obligations not only towards the persons living on their national territory, but also towards the populations of other States. These two sets of obligations complement one another. The right to food can only be fully realized where both national and international obligations are complied with. CONSTITUTION OF FAO, 1965 Preamble The Nations accepting this Constitution, being determined to promote the common welfare by furthering separate and collective action on their part for the purpose of raising levels of nutrition and standards of living and thus nsuring humanitys freedom from hunger. WORLD FOOD SUMMIT PLAN OF ACTION, 1996 Commitment Seven We will implement, monitor and follow-up this Plan of Action at all levels in cooperation with the international community. Objective 7. 4 To clarify the content of the right to adequate food and the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, as stated in the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights and other relevant international and regional instruments, and to give particular attention to implementation and full and progressive actualisation of this right as a means of achieving food security for all.To this end, governments, in partnership with all actors of civil society, will, as appropriate a. Make every effort to implement the nutriment of Article 11 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (the Covenant) and relevant provisions of other international and regional instruments b. Urge States that are not yet Parties to the Covenant to adhere to the Covenant at the earliest possible time c. Invite the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights to give particular attention to this Plan of Action in the framework of it s activities and to continue to monitor the mplementation of the specific measures provided for in Article 11 of the Covenant d. Invite relevant accordance bodies and appropriate specialized agencies of the UN to consider how they might contribute, within the framework of the coordinated follow-up by the UN system to the major international UN conferences and summits, including the World Conference on Human Rights, Vienna 1993, within the scope of their mandates, to the further implementation of this right e.Invite the UN High Commissioner for Human Rights, in consultation with relevant treaty bodies, and in coaction with relevant specialized agencies and programmes of the UN system and appropriate intergovernmental mechanisms, to better define the rights related to food in Article 11 of the Covenant and to propose ways to implement and realize these rights as a means of achieving the commitments and objectives of the World Food Summit, taking into account the possibility of formu lating voluntary guidelines for food security for all. UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF gentle RIGHTS, 1948Article 25 Everyone has the right to a standard of living adequate for the health and well-being of himself and his family, including food INTERNATIONAL COVENANT ON ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS, 1966 Article 11 1. The States Parties to the present Covenant recognize the right of everyone to an adequate standard of living for himself and his family, including adequate food. The States Parties will take appropriate steps to ensure the realization of this right, recognizing to this effect the essential importance of international cooperation based on free consent. 2.The States Parties to the present Covenant, recognizing the fundamental right of everyone to be free from hunger, shall take, individually and through international cooperation, the measures, including specific programmes, which are needed a. To improve methods of production, conservation and distribution of food by making full use of technical and scientific knowledge, by disseminating knowledge of the principles of nutrition and by developing or reforming agrarian systems in such a way as to achieve the most efficient development and work of natural resources b.Taking into account the problems of both food-importing and food-exporting countries, to ensure an equitable distribution of world food supplies in relation to need. Article 2 1. Each State caller to the present Covenant undertakes to take steps, individually and through international assistance and cooperation, especially economic and technical, to the maximum of its available resources, with a view to achieving progressively the full realization of the rights recognized in the present Covenant by all appropriate means, including particularly the adoption of legislative measures.UNITED NATIONS CONVENTION ON THE RIGHTS OF THE CHILD, 1989 Article 24 1. States Parties recognize the right of the child to the enjoyment of the highest att ainable standard of health and to facilities for the treatment of illness and rehabilitation of health. States Parties shall strive to ensure that no child is deprived of his or her right of access to health care services. 2. States Parties shall pursue full implementation of this right and, in particular, shall take appropriate measures c. o combat affection and malnutrition, including within the framework of primary health care, through, inter alia, the application of readily available technology and through the provision of adequate nutritious foods. d. to ensure that all segments of society, in particular parents and children, are informed, have access to education and are supported in the use of basic knowledge of child health and nutrition. Article 27 States Parties, in accordance with national conditions and within their means shall in case of need provide material assistance and support programmes, particularly with regard to nutrition.Apart from these the Right to Food has also been recognized in many specific international instruments as varied as the 1948Genocide Convention(Article 2), the 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees(Articles 20 and 23),the 1989Convention on the Rights of the Child(Articles 24(2)(c) and 27(3)), the 1979Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women(Articles 12(2)), or the 2007Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities(Articles 25(f) and 28(1)). JUDICIAL INTERPRETATIONS 1.KISHEN PATTNAYAK VS. STATE OF ORISSA, In this petition, the suer wrote a letter to the Supreme Court bringing to the courts notice the extreme poverty of the people of Kalahandi in Orissa where hundreds were dying due to starving and where several people were forced to sell their children. The letter prayed that the State Government should be directed to take immediate steps in order to mend this miserable condition of the people of Kalahandi. This was the first case specifically taking up the issue o f starvation and lack of food.In this judgement, the Supreme Court took a very pro-government approach and gave directions to take macro level measures to address the starvation problem such as implementing irrigation projects in the state so as to reduce the drouth in the region, measures to ensure fair selling price of paddy and appointing of a Natural Calamities Committee. None of these measures actually directly affected the immediate needs of the petitioner, i. e. to prevent people from dying of hunger. More importantly, the Supreme Court did not recognise the specific Right to Food within this context of starvation. . PUCL VS. UNION OF INDIA, This is a landmark case relating to Right to Food and food security. This case, technically known as PUCL vs Union of India and others (Writ Petition Civil No. 196 of 2001), is handled by an advisory group consisting of a a couple of(prenominal) members from the Peoples Union for Civil Liberties (PUCL), Human Rights Law Network (HRLN), former support group of the RIght to Food Campaign and other active individuals in the campaign. Supreme Court hearings have been held at regular intervals since April 2001, and the case has attracted wide national and international attention.Although the judgment is still awaited, significant interim orders have been passed from time to time. For instance, the Supreme Court has passed orders directing the Indian government to (1) introduce cooked mid-day meals in all primary schools, (2) provide 35 kgs of grain per month at highly subsidized prices to 15 million destitute households under the Antyodaya component of the PDS, (3) double resource allocations for Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana (Indias largest rural employment programme at that time, now superseded by the Employment batten down Act), and (4) universalize the Integrated Child Development Services (ICDS). . CHAMELI SINGH VS. STATE OF U. P. , In this case, it was held that right to life guaranteed in any civilized societ y implies the right to food, water, by rights environment, education, medical care and shelter. The method in which the constitutional social rights or the DPSP have been enforced or made justifiable by the Supreme Court has been through an expansion of the existing fundamental rights, particularly the Right to Life guaranteed in Article 21. CONCLUSION Starvation deaths and high prevalence of hunger clear show that India needs to wake up.The judiciary cannot monitor the implementation of the schemes forever. The government needs to review policy from time to time and take corrective measures for impressive implementation of different schemes and programmes, establish effective mechanisms of accountability and ensure the right to food for all. As the problem of food insecurity relates to both the demand and supply of food, a solution could be to empower people towards greater purchasing power, as well as addressing the inadequacy of the distribution system, and checking corruption and leakages.Awareness among the people with regard to their right to food can escalate the process of equitable distribution and thus help to realize the right to food for all citizens. The right to food is not just a basic human right, it is also a basic human need. It essentially requires the state to ensure that at least people do not starve. Implementation of the right to food does not imply that impossible efforts be undertaken by the states. The obligation to protect and respect the people compels the state to implement the right to food effectively, without recourse to extensive financial means. 2 . Food Crisis and Sustainable Food Security in India by Jaydeb Sarkhel 3 . Right to Food- Reforms and Approaches, 2007, The Icfai University Press, pp5-6 4 . Dev, S. M, and R Evenson (2003) Rural Development in IndiaRural, Non-farm and mitigation SCID Working Paper No. 187. 5 . See available at http//socialissuesindia. wordpress. com/2010/08/05/human-rights-to-food-in-indian-c onstitution/ 6 . See available at http//articles. economictimes. indiatimes. com/2011-05-23/news/29574365_1_nac-recommendations-food-security-law-food-entitlements 7 . See available at http//articles. economictimes. ndiatimes. com/2011-12-23/news/30550903_1_food-subsidy-national-food-security-bill-grain 8 . Right to Food- Reforms and Approaches, 2007, The Icfai University Press, p. 230 9 . As amended in 1965. 10 . Adopted by the World Food Summit, Rome, 13 to 17 November 1996. FAO. 1997. Report of the World Food Summit, Part One. Rome 11 . Adopted by the General Assembly on 10 December 1948. UN doc. A/811. 12 . General Assembly Resolution 2200 A (XXI), Annex, of 16 December 1966. 13 . General Assembly Resolution 44/25, Annex, of 20 November 1989. 14 . AIR 1989 SC 677. 15 . 2001. 16 . (1996) 2 SCC 549.

Wednesday, May 22, 2019

Police Corruption

medicate-Related Police Corruption An Increasing Problem Throughout Law Enforcement Agencies In The United States In the United States, drug-related patrol depravity is becoming an increasingly, unjustifiable problem throughout the ranks of law enforcement agencies. M any(prenominal) variables exist to explain the reason for their actions, but ultimately, what makes them do it? acute how to recognize a corrupted officer or one exhibiting signs of traveling down the wrong path is essential in order to mitigate the problem.Law enforcement lead also plays a vital role in the identity and prevention of drug-related corruption. Drug-related patrol corruption is any act by a imprecate guard officer that is the sale, manufacture, distribution or supporting of drug activities for the personal gain of the officer. Why is this corruption a problem? Many law enforcement officers who are sworn in to protect the lives of our citizens, to abide and uphold the law, are doing the exact oppo site, and this is a problem. The purpose of the study is to provide empirical data on cases of drug-related legal philosophy corruption.It identifies and describes incidents in which police officers are arrested for turn offenses associated with drug-related corruption. Data was analyzed on 221 drug-related arrest cases of officers employed by police agencies throughout the USA. Findings show that drug-related corruption involves a all-embracing range of criminal offenses and that cocaine is the most prevalent drug. Older officers and those pulmonary tuberculosisd by large companies are less likely than others to lose their jobs afterward a drug-related arrest (Philip Stinson, 2013). Drug-related police corruption is a problem that will not go away on its own which is evident by the statistics.The first gradation in preventing corruption would be to recognize the signs of a corrupted officer. Learn what puts an officer at risk of becoming corrupted, and what makes them defy the law they swore to uphold, protect and defend. Drug corruption is born out of police attitudes because if an officer is lacking the right attitude then corruption can become a mainstay for that officer (Cheurprakobkit, 1998). For example, if any officers believe that the enforcement of drug laws is a waste of their time and that they are underpaid, they may accept a bribe from a drug dutyker to rent the trade.This places a little more money in their pocket and al small-scales them not to worry about enforcing a law they may not agree with. perspicacious how to identify the signs of a corrupted officer is a necessary step to decreasing the amount of drug-related corruption, and may one day lead to mitigating the issue. What leads law enforcement to corruption? After looking at yearly sales of different drugs in the United States, it was found that weed brings in about $3 billion dollars, heroin $10 billion, and cocaine, a whopping $38 billion dollars annually (Stevens, 1999).If yo u pay attention to these numbers, you can clearly see how easy it would be for a low paid, frustrated police officer to turn corrupt and help with the sale, transport, or manufacturing of illegal substances. To reduce police corruption, the commissions recommend creating external oversight over the police with a unique focus on integrity, improving recruitment and training, guidance from supervisors of all ranks about integrity, holding all commanders responsible for the misbehavior of subordinates, and changing the makeups culture to tolerate misbehavior less (Perito, 2011).While drug-related police corruption continues to pose a threat at some level in both law enforcement agency, it does not necessarily mean there is a high percentage of corrupt law enforcement officials. While it is a problem, it could be prevented with proactive stairs observing the actions and lifestyles of these police officers. There is an opportunity for corruption wherever there are drugs present, and n o law enforcement official should be above suspicion. Corruption has been set at the lowest and highest levels.Police CorruptionPolice corruption is the misuse of police authority for personal gain. Examples include extortion (for example, demanding money for not writing traffic tickets) and bribery (for example, accepting money in exchange for not enforcing the law).The costs of police corruptionPolice corruption carries high costs. First, a corrupt act is a crime. Second, police corruption detracts from the integrity of the police and tarnishes the public image of law enforcement. Third, corruption protects other criminal activity such as drug dealing and prostitution. saved criminal activities are lots lucrative sources of income for organized crime. The causes of police corruptionAccording to the rotten apple theory, corruption is the work of a few, dishonest, immoral police officers. Experts dismiss this theory because it fails to explain why so many corrupt officers become concentrated in some police organizations but not others. Another explanation pinpoints U.S. societys use of the criminal law to enforce morality.Unenforceable laws governing moral standards promote corruption because they provide criminal organizations with a financial interest in undermining law enforcement. somniferous corruption, for example, is an inevitable consequence of drug enforcement. Providers of these illegal goods and service use part of their profits to bribe the police in order to ensure the continuation of criminal enterprises. Rooting out police corruptionWhen police controls break down and a scandal occurs, special investigating commissions can mobilize public opinion and bring forward public support for anticorruption and antiviolence reforms. Commissions get information from the police department, pinpoint where the internal controls of the police have failed, and recommend changes in policy. The problem with these commissions is that they usually disappear af ter finishing their reports. Paul Chevigny asserts that continuing independent auditors would be more effective than commissions. He envisions the function of such auditors as investigating a range of police problems, including corruption andbrutality. Prosecuting corrupt police officersSince corruption involves criminal behavior, prosecution of corrupt police officers is possible. Since prosecutors depend on the police to gather evidence and develop cases, however, they often dont want to bite the hand that feeds them. Legislative controlLegislators could reevaluate laws that create the potential for corruption. Such a reassessment would be based on the recognition that a major portion of police corruption is an outgrowth of laws that criminalize drug use, prostitution, and gambling. Any serious attempt to fight police corruption must deform with the decriminalization issue. Decriminalization involves removing the criminal label from victimless crimes by legalizing and regulating them. Decriminalization would contribute significantly to improving the police corruption problem. It is doubtful, however, that Congress or any state legislature will seriously consider legalizing drugs or any other prohibited goods and services in the near future.

Tuesday, May 21, 2019

How college will effect my life Essay

I am excited about the opportunity to go to college and follow a course of study which real interests me. They say accounting is the langu get along of business. I have always been interested in business and as I learn more about accounting, I cant wait to get started. and when I think about how college allow for affect my life, I think about independence and the choices I will have to make. The legal drinking age is 21 but I know a lot of college students will drink a a few(prenominal) beers or even quite a few beers. Meeting someone and staying overnight at someone elses place or my own wholly of a sudden is a choice I need to make. I will be in classes about 15 hours a week and how I use all the other hours of the week is up to me. Heck, even those 15 hours is optional, no parents will be notified if I decide to sleep in. Going to college promoter real independence where all decisions from what time to get out of bed in the morning to what I get hold of to drink at night ar ound my new friends, and the consequences as a result of those decisions, will be 100% on me.As a little girl, I always wanted to be a waitress. But as my dad would say, If you want to be a waitress, you first have to go to college, and after college if you still want to be a waitress, go for it. Going to college will give me the cognition I need to determine what I am going to do the rest of my life. While engine room and the world at large is changing rapidly, college will give me the skills to think clearly about problems, take logically with peers, and resolve issues for the benefit of all. These basic life skills will equip me for whatever I choose to do in this ever changing environment. While I dont know barely how college will affect my life, I do know that what I will be at age 22 will be very different from what I am at age 18.

Monday, May 20, 2019

Related text to whose life is it anyway?

link text to whose career Is it anyway? actor and the Individual What Ideas of federal agency are represented In whose life Is It anyway and the related tested material you contribute chosen and how does the related text link to the set up text? There are many Ideas and reasons why My Sisters keeper and whose life is It anyway have similar relations to the power and the individual.For one the battle of individual rights, Both Anna and Ken fight for their individual rights to their luggage compartment and life. Ken doesnt want to live anymore because he thinks there is no point as he cant do anything for himself and need nurse to help. Anna wants individual rights to her body because she doesnt want to be cut open and have needles stuck in her time after time if its not going to help her sister and her sister wants Anna to progress her rights so she can die because she is in a lot of pain and cant take it anymore.Another reason is Power of Law Ken wishes to die and delinque nt to his medical status he is unable to engage this happen, the power of law Influences his situation as he asks he doctors multiple times to kill but due to the law they are unable to do this. Annas situation Is Influenced by the power of law as she Is a child & her parents are her legal guardians therefore giving them the power to make her decisions for her.She Is mature enough to make her own decisions but she is too young, she seeks to be medically released so she is able to have the choice. The power of sensible strength is also another reason Ken has no power of physical strength because he is a quadriplegic. Anna, as a child has less physical strength than her parents, therefore their power is stronger.

Sunday, May 19, 2019

Employment and Line Management Essay

1.1Communication is a vital thing in the lopshop, it is very important so that jobs are done productively and correctly. If the communication in the body of workshop was poor mistakes would Begin to take sic and accidents could occur.1.2The different methods of communication to the line concern and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone and even letters. In busy circumstances its best to use the telephone as its term efficient instead of wondering around searching for commonwealth.1.3The different methods of communication to my and colleagues are by talking to one another, team meetings, by telephone, letters and even hand signals. These are each helpful in different circumstances such as when its extremely noisy in the workshop and a person is on the other side of the workshop, hand signals would be best in that situation.2.1To plan my sequence of work from the germane(predicate) education I am given I ring out what materials I require, wha t tools I need to assist me through the job and what PPE I need to protect me from the dangers.2.2When starting a spick-and-span job I firstly look for any mistakes in the drawing, once I am cheery I then carry on by finding out what materials I require to cast sex the job and then finally retrieve all of my tools that I need to assist me through the work process until I complete the job.2.3Work is carried out to the workshop using job plans, risk assessments and all other procedures. The resources that I use are job sheets, shop plans, eon sheets and drawings. To reduce carbon emissions, in that location is an extraction system installed into the workshop.2.4The way our workshop contributes to a low carbon emission environment is that we have extraction systems built throughout the workshop to keep the emission levels at a low level.3.1The undeniable relevant documentation that I provide is my time sheet. It shows the amount of hours I have spent on a job so that the consult ants can then get a price to give to the customers.3.2I maintain my drawings and time sheets by keeping them in a locked draw. Time sheets are required to be filled in and complete every week and has to be submitted on a Monday morning sooner 800am.3.3If I do not ensure that my time sheets are not handed in on time, I will not get paid at the end of the week. With my job sheets, if its not complete within the given hours the customer has to pay more as the labour bell raises.4.1I am very able to work productively to the agreed specification and inline with the line management, colleagues and relevant people involved by finding out if they are pleased with the work produced and the quality.4.2I find that everyone is equal and that no one should be treated different. People tend to treat apprentices with less reward than others as they are not qualified and think they are not capable. Apprentice or not, people should not be treated different.4.3To maintain a adept working relation ship in my blank of work I do the work that is asked of me and in the required time and in a good quality. With individuals I get on with them by being polite and cleaning after myself.4.4I think its good to keep a good working relation ship with the line management and colleagues as it doesnt make it a challenge to talk to them or ask them for any information that is required.4.5Getting on with the line management and other working colleagues is important because it can make your time there difficult and non bearable. It also doesnt make it a challenge when needing to ask for information or a specification.4.6When working with others you must neer treat them any different than you would like to be treated. You should never talk down to people or think of them as lower than you.

Saturday, May 18, 2019

Regina Case

Regina Company Inc. was known as a complacent slow-growth company and was dominated by vacuum-clean and Eureka within the floorcare industry. Donald Sheelen was a promising young individual when he was hired first as the head of the marketing division in Regina, and then became its president. Shortly after(prenominal) becoming company president, Sheelen furbish up out to make Regina the industrys number one company and repeatedly vowed to bomb Hoover, the number one firm in the industry at the time.Sheelen expanded Reginas product line and started an predatory advertisement campaign to promote Reginas products over Hoovers. His strategy paid off, as Reginas profits grew substantially, and after Regina went public, its stock price soared by nearly 500 percent, making Sheelen and the companys other principal stockholders millionaires many times over. However, it turned out that the impressive financial figures released by Regina after it went public were fabricated by Sheelen. Inst ead of a growth company with bright prospects, Regina was a dying(p) company mired in mounting losses. The major reason behind Reginas financial difficulties was the sorry quality of its new products, which resulted in a reported 50 percent client return rates. later realizing that Regina was in a deep trouble, Sheelen, with the help of Regina CFO Vincent Golden, came up with several illicit accounting schemes to delay the companys stock prices at a high level.In addition to significantly understating customer product returns and companys cost of goods, they recorded bogus sales to inflate sales revenues, and employ a so-called ship-in-place booking scheme. After realizing that he could no longer conceal the companys deteriorating condition, Sheelen decided to let the public know of the companys dire financial condition. Although Sheelen and Golden initially blamed the computer system for errors, they later pleaded guilty to federal mail and security fraud charges in 1989. She elen served 1 year in prison in a halfway house, and paid a immaculate $25,000 in fines.One of the charges was that Sheelen and Golden had repeatedly and intentionally misled the companys audit firm, Peat Marwick. In a sharp contrast to the Mattel case, SEC did not fault Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the massive fraud by Sheelen and Golden, although several articles in financial press did criticize the audit firm. It is interesting that while SEC heavy criticized Arthur Andersen for failing to uncover Mattels fraudulent activities, there was not apparently a similar test of Peat Marwick for failing to uncover the fraud in Regina.Based on this article, it seems that Peat Marwick simply trusted Goldens assurance that no fraudulent transactions had been recorded in Reginas accounting records, and that Peat Marwick was therefore not to be blamed for failing to uncover the fraud in Reginas financials. Given that the fraud schemes in both Mattel and Regina were of very similar na ture, one wonders why Peat Marwick was not scrutinized to the same degree as Arthur Andersen. there is definitely more to this story than what is told in this article.

Friday, May 17, 2019

Ethical Issues on Accounting Essay

Society is composed of many institutions that have various purpose and position. These institutions whitethorn past have contradicting goals. M whizzy is something people work hard for making it ofttimes(prenominal) a sensitive issue. Disputes regarding capital argon often entangled in heavy disputes and be hard to settle. The account statement is the field that specializes in the job of taking cargon of former(a) peoples money issues. Ironically, the account business has been bombarded by controversies regarding how they do their job and how they settle disputes if at that place are any.Practicing accountants consequently developed an image of being any strictly passe-partout or, at worst, dishonest. Unfortunately for the accounting field, it is considered by many that deterrent example standards of this field are deteriorating. This is where ethics come into play. It is very problematic to weigh issues without a set of conventions to guide them in the finis making. Ethi cs came form the Latin ethos, that means character and customs. Ethics basically deals with how people interact with distributively former(a).Ethics withal sets what is steady-going or bad, right or wrong but definitely such(prenominal) broader than the common nonions of the rightness or wrongness of things (Cornwell University Law School). On the academic terms, ethics pertains to not proficient personal feelings, religion, rightfulnesss. Feelings most of the time leads us to do un respectable acts. Being religious too doesnt necessarily mean that one is being estimable. Of course, religion sets very high honourable standards. But not all people are religious, non-religious people in desire manner have their own honorable standards. Also, being honest doesnt necessarily mean abiding by the rectitude.Most people scenery the law as having the same grounds as ethics. Laws are fabricated to meet estimable standards. But like feelings, the law ignore have certain biase s, therefore fucking be sometimes can be viewed as unethical. Since ethics is basically right or wrong, it proves to be a very important weapon such problematic fields such as accounting. Codes of professional submit Many fields of profession formulate a highly developed detailed set of codes to guide them in their practice. They have allotted a considerable amount of their time and resources just to come up with these codes.These set of codes are to a greater extent commonly regarded as professional codes. In the case of accounting, The American Institute of Certified Public controls or AICPA has Codes of maestro Conduct which serves as ethical reference. Much of these codes were later merged with the reality law. The merging of the codes to the law gave it much more(prenominal) enforceability. Setting aside the technical education, accounting undergraduates were also abandoned ethics courses in the lead they conduct practice in the field. They may have discussed basic e thical. They might have been supplied a lecture of the codes of professional conduct.The generally accepted set of codes for accounting is supplied by the AICPA. One of the primary functions of the AICPA is the major role in the self- pattern of practicing accountants. Majority of the AICPAs resources is devoted to developing the professional codes for CPA practitioners. Aside from the codes of professional conduct, there is also GAAP or the Generally Accepted Accounting Principles. Just like the codes of professional conduct, the GAAP serves as a reminder that accounting practitioners should uphold in mind that they have to follow certain moral guidelines.It also includes rules and the agreed sanctions if these rules were violated. The Codes of Professional Conduct and GAAP both remind accounting practitioners that they must do their function responsibly. Basically, both these sets of moral codes states that accountants should not commit frauds even if the temptation of personal strive is prevalent. The codes and principles also remind them not to violate the set rules for it could mean heavy sanctions like renouncing of licenses. The use of professional codes is one way to resolve ethical deterioration in the accounting profession.On the other hand, it can be viewed as selfish on the part of accountants as it only heeds to their individualistic goals. Also, having a set of ethical codes grants accountants an image of trustworthiness and competence. Accounting is a field that has a very high demand by the commonplace. The public, with all their money, is in need of account statement services so that they could spend their precious time earning more money rather than the grueling task of sorting it. Accounting, as many perceives, is a very technical field, so accountants dedicate themselves to the complex technical aspects of the field leaving out on moral values.Accountant themselves see themselves as professionals that doesnt require moral codes to condu ct practice. Accountants develop an attitude which can be broadly described as lack of incorporating moral judgment on their work. Experts coin this as ethical dissonance. honorable dissonance in accounting pertains to the attitude of accountants to treat their chosen field as tout ensemble morally neutral. As the word suggests, ethical dissonance is very prone to conflicts. Accountants suffering ethical dissonance have a different set of moral codes, or at worst devoid of any, so conflicts with other institutions will be very hard to resolve.The root of this problem is traceable to various issues like self-regulation practiced by the accounting field. Self-regulation Self-regulation of the accounting field basically means that the accounting field itself makes their own set of codes rather than extracting it from the society. Self-regulation can be something good as it can give the field of accountancy more focus on their field. Self-regulation gained popularity as it is regarde d as effective control and the most efficient tool for minimizing errors. Accountants acquire some privileges that other members of the society dont have.This includes the exclusive right to determine who can do the accounting work and how it should be done. These special privileges are granted to them by the state. But their acquired indecorum doesnt come free. As an act of courtesy, the accounting profession now burdens having special public interests responsibilities that they should keep high competence and high ethical standards (Gaa, 1994). Once the regulations are agreed upon, it is formalized by law or by organizations of the same field. The organizations monitor and penalize its members if they abide or violate the agreed regulations.If violations are reported, investigations are done by the government or the organization, where the violator is a member. Also self-regulation allows accountants have more focus as they wouldnt spend time and effort developing professional cod es. Self-regulation can commove conflicts because in the end it will have to adjust to what the public wants. For many accountancy experts, self regulation in accounting cannot work accordingly. If extracted a t autological meaning, they are merely regulating themselves of what they should do and those that they cannot violate.The public and the accountancy field is both divided in this issue. many people tend to go with the conclusiveness to leave their financial affairs to their accountants (Gowthorpe & Blake, 1998, pp. 1-3). They wouldnt question however the accountants will do the job. In this respect, they cognize it that the accountants are the specialists in this field. And so they dont bother in meddling (or arguing) with their accountants. The gray sphere of influence of this point is that it is very prone to malpractice, intended or unintended, that can lead to ethical conflicts between the public and the accounting field.Since the moral code is self-regulated, what m ay be right or wrong for the accountants may be contradicting to those of the public. However, if the state gave the accounting industry autonomy, it means they are given more weight than other institutions. In this sense it is quite unethical for the state have certain biases. Moreover if the accounting industry is given this autonomy, in return they should provide the public quality and honest service with high regards to ethical standards and competence. Ethical dies in accounting I have acquired examples of ethics in action in the accounting field.I will have to not name the particular agencies involved as it is unethical. Perhaps one of the biggest acknowledgements of ethical misconduct in accounting was done by an restitution company by swapping insurance assets to unnaturally increase their growth. This is an example of an end justify the means. The insurance company had only thought of its own good not minding how their action affects others. With their artificially fatte ned network gross, investors are lured to risk their money on a company that has not performed as the unknowingly deceived analysts say. (Flanagan, 2007, pp 38-46)Another ethical lapse in accounting is discrimination. Some insurance companies have gender, racial, and age related biases before they sell their service. This act of discrimination is highly unethical because it contradicts the responsibility of accountants to the public. Researches found out that gender looks to have a great effect on negotiations (Flanagan, 2007, pp. 60-64). (a) Women have the appearance _or_ semblance to be greater in number in terms of financial disputes. During negotiations, women prefer being comprehend as reasonable. Men are treated to have more economic orientation so they can maximize economic income.Women are treated to have lots of self-doubt about their financial capabilities so they would have to settle with smaller financial settlements. Some companies perceive this as risk to their econ omic gain so they unethically reject smaller settlements. Women are allegedly to have lesser successes in negotiations in comparison to men. As gender awareness is increasing popularity these days, this ethical lapse would mean many disputes for the accounting industry. (b) thither is also aversion for elderly people during negotiations. Many companies see clients with old age (65 up) as great investment risk.Elderly people seem to have more difficulty getting auto insurances. They also find it difficult to cash in their insurance as it could just be construe as a scam. Insurance companies convention their clients in to two whereas one group is of the adult (23-60) and the other is either very young or very old. The latter group which has both extremities of the age group is treated much differently as opposed to the prior group. The latter group is perceived as to have a higher frequency of accidents that would lead to higher insurance claims.Also, younger defendants are assed mo re fault than relatively older defendants while all other are treated equally. Again the lapse here is that economic consequences were given more priority than being ethically agreeable. (c) Accounting services seem to have biases in terms of race. Loan default rates are higher for black applicants than bloodless applicants. The lender cannot use race as a qualifier in whether to give out loans or not. There are also variations in insurance terms when race is being considered.Discrimination, the word itself is not obviously ethical. Ladd, 1998, pp. 63-90) Although these acts of discrimination are considered illegal, many practitioners salve commit this unethical practice. If there are variations to insurance terms, the act could meet up with the legal definition of discrimination that could cause the agency legal prohibition. Although if there was a denial in loans due to gender, age, and race, even with the legal laws, it would be difficult to resolve because of the self-regulate d ethical codes that the industry of accounting is equipped. Economic consequences of ethical issuesProbably, one reason why it takes lot of time and discussions before ethical solutions are implemented is because corrections of errors will cause a lot of money for the accounting agencies. Profit maximizing is the priority concern of most businesses, even if they admit it or not. Moreover, maintaining and formulating proper ethical codes would cost companies much money that they would want to put into investment instead. Ruland had identified three philosophical perspectives that addresses the questions of whether accounting regulators should be guided by economic consequence issues. (Ruland 1984)The question of whether ends justify means for the accountants. It is often asked if the desired economic outcome of practicing accountancy justify what ever ethical approach they are taking. We can view this thinking as both negative and positive. On one side, we can view it as the action s should be judged weighed on its moral values. There is also the notion of positive and negative responsibilities. Positive responsibilities hold individuals responsible their own actions. On the other hand, negative responsibilities hold individuals accountable for actions they fail or allow to correctly address.In simpler terms, positive responsibilities hold accountants responsible for their own actions, and contrastingly, negative responsibilities hold accountants responsible for the action of other people. Arguably, positive responsibilities can provide a fair presentation of accounts because the accountants reputation is on the line, as opposed to negative responsibilities whereas the accountants cant be blamed for errors of other people. Many still argue that positive responsibilities should not be replaced by negative responsibilities just to avoid financial consequences.There is also the concept of the distinction of indebtedness to refrain and a duty to act. Many acc ounting firms recall that the pursuit of the best accounting practice is the most important duty of accountants. They are tasked with a duty to refrain by any distractions. They are to focus only on their service, and nothing else, even if it may cause some ethical disputes. An important word here is priority as the duty to act gives more priority to addressing issue rather than refraining. Those who argue that economic consequences issues should be the main focus of regulations are favoring the duty to act.